From Conditioning to Emotion: Translating Animal Models of Learning to Human Psychopathology.

The Neuroscientist : a Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry
Aaron S Heller

Abstract

Emotional responses are not static but change as a consequence of learning. Organisms adapt to emotional events and these adaptations influence the way we think, behave, and feel when we encounter similar situations in the future. Integrating recent work from rodent models and research on human psychopathology, this article lays out a model describing how affective events cause learning and can lead to anxiety and depression: affective events are linked to conditioned stimuli and contexts. Affective experiences entrain oscillatory synchrony across distributed neural circuits, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens, which form associations that constitute the basis of emotional memories. Consolidation of these experiences appears to be supported by replay in the hippocampus-a process by which hippocampal firing patterns recreate the firing pattern that occurred previously. Generalization of learning occurs to never before experienced contexts when associations form across distinct but related conditioned stimuli. The process of generalization, which requires cortical structures, can cause memories to become abstracted. During abstraction, the latent, overlapping features of the learned asso...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jan 24, 2020·The Neuroscientist : a Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry·Laura Luyten
Mar 23, 2021·Frontiers in Psychiatry·Lorena Cecilia López SteinmetzJuan Carlos Godoy

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Methods Mentioned

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cognitive behavioral therapy
pharmacotherapies

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