From conifers to cognition: Microbes, brain and behavior.

Genes, Brain, and Behavior
Richard Lathe, David St Clair

Abstract

A diversity of bacteria, protozoans and viruses ("endozoites") were recently uncovered within healthy tissues including the human brain. By contrast, it was already recognized a century ago that healthy plants tissues contain abundant endogenous microbes ("endophytes"). Taking endophytes as an informative precedent, we overview the nature, prevalence, and role of endozoites in mammalian tissues, centrally focusing on the brain, concluding that endozoites are ubiquitous in diverse tissues. These passengers often remain subclinical, but they are not silent. We address their routes of entry, mechanisms of persistence, tissue specificity, and potential to cause long-term behavioral changes and/or immunosuppression in mammals, where rabies virus is the exemplar. We extend the discussion to Herpesviridae, Coronaviridae, and Toxoplasma, as well as to diverse bacteria and yeasts, and debate the advantages and disadvantages that endozoite infection might afford to the host and to the ecosystem. We provide a clinical perspective in which endozoites are implicated in neurodegenerative disease, anxiety/depression, and schizophrenia. We conclude that endozoites are instrumental in the delicate balance between health and disease, including a...Continue Reading

References

May 1, 1975·The Journal of protozoology·E Porchet-Hennere
Sep 22, 1979·Lancet·L W SequieraR N Sutton
Jan 1, 1975·Archives of Virology·R CappelL Thiry
Jun 1, 1977·The Journal of Experimental Medicine·T J WiktorH Koprowski
Jan 1, 1992·Microbiology and Immunology·K HiraiK Mannen
Apr 1, 1992·Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·T A Banks, B T Rouse
Jul 1, 1992·Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology·J W SmithK C Conlon
Apr 1, 1991·Journal of Medical Virology·G A JamiesonR F Itzhaki
Nov 11, 1991·Journal of Virology·K M CarboneG B Vogelsang
May 1, 1991·The Journal of General Virology·H TsiangE Lycke
Nov 1, 1990·Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene·V W PentreathF Doua
Nov 18, 1989·BMJ : British Medical Journal·D P Strachan
Nov 1, 1986·Reviews of Infectious Diseases·B T Rouse, D W Horohov
May 1, 1987·Zentralblatt Für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie, Und Hygiene. Series A, Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology·A Kobayashi, Y Suzuki
Feb 1, 1988·Archives of General Psychiatry·S A MednickD Bonett
Jan 1, 1988·Archives of Virology·G M CleatorM Longson
Jan 1, 1987·Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology·P J CreavenA Proefrock
Apr 1, 1985·Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry·A R Damasio, G W Van Hoesen
Dec 1, 1985·American Journal of Epidemiology·A J Sasco, R S Paffenbarger
Oct 20, 1972·Science·F O BastianT S Tralka
May 16, 1974·The New England Journal of Medicine·G Desmonts, J Couvreur
Mar 15, 1970·Life Sciences·A FeldsteinJ M Kucharski
Oct 1, 1981·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·N W FraserH Koprowski
Aug 1, 1983·Journal of the Neurological Sciences·A H Tomlinson, M M Esiri
Sep 1, 1984·Reviews of Infectious Diseases·P A Mackowiak
Sep 1, 1983·The British Journal of Psychiatry : the Journal of Mental Science·J BalldinJ Wålinder
Jan 31, 1995·Psychiatry Research·R W WaltripK M Carbone
Oct 1, 1994·Plant Molecular Biology·A M Hirsch, Y Fang
Jan 1, 1994·Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology·R E Mrak, L Young
Jul 1, 1993·Neuroreport·J Miklossy
Feb 1, 1997·Progress in Neurobiology·H S Haas, K Schauenstein

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.