Functional limb muscle innervation prior to cholinergic transmitter specification during early metamorphosis in Xenopus

ELife
Francois M LambertDidier Le Ray

Abstract

In vertebrates, functional motoneurons are defined as differentiated neurons that are connected to a central premotor network and activate peripheral muscle using acetylcholine. Generally, motoneurons and muscles develop simultaneously during embryogenesis. However, during Xenopus metamorphosis, developing limb motoneurons must reach their target muscles through the already established larval cholinergic axial neuromuscular system. Here, we demonstrate that at metamorphosis onset, spinal neurons retrogradely labeled from the emerging hindlimbs initially express neither choline acetyltransferase nor vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Nevertheless, they are positive for the motoneuronal transcription factor Islet1/2 and exhibit intrinsic and axial locomotor-driven electrophysiological activity. Moreover, the early appendicular motoneurons activate developing limb muscles via nicotinic antagonist-resistant, glutamate antagonist-sensitive, neuromuscular synapses. Coincidently, the hindlimb muscles transiently express glutamate, but not nicotinic receptors. Subsequently, both pre- and postsynaptic neuromuscular partners switch definitively to typical cholinergic transmitter signaling. Thus, our results demonstrate a novel context-...Continue Reading

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Citations

Sep 16, 2021·Annual Review of Vision Science·Anja K E Horn, Hans Straka

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
PCR
Fluorescence

Software Mentioned

Neurolog
Prism5
LAS
GraphPad
Clampfit
OriginPro8
Fiji
Spike2

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