Functional Morphology of the Cardiac Jelly in the Tubular Heart of Vertebrate Embryos

Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
Jörg Männer, T Mesud Yelbuz

Abstract

The early embryonic heart is a multi-layered tube consisting of (1) an outer myocardial tube; (2) an inner endocardial tube; and (3) an extracellular matrix layer interposed between the myocardium and endocardium, called "cardiac jelly" (CJ). During the past decades, research on CJ has mainly focused on its molecular and cellular biological aspects. This review focuses on the morphological and biomechanical aspects of CJ. Special attention is given to (1) the spatial distribution and fiber architecture of CJ; (2) the morphological dynamics of CJ during the cardiac cycle; and (3) the removal/remodeling of CJ during advanced heart looping stages, which leads to the formation of ventricular trabeculations and endocardial cushions. CJ acts as a hydraulic skeleton, displaying striking structural and functional similarities with the mesoglea of jellyfish. CJ not only represents a filler substance, facilitating end-systolic occlusion of the embryonic heart lumen. Its elastic components antagonize the systolic deformations of the heart wall and thereby power the refilling phase of the ventricular tube. Non-uniform spatial distribution of CJ generates non-circular cross sections of the opened endocardial tube (initially elliptic, later ...Continue Reading

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Citations

Sep 5, 2019·Diseases·Dillon K JarrellJeffrey G Jacot
Mar 12, 2020·Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease·Rusty Lansford, Sandra Rugonyi
Nov 13, 2019·Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology·Bjarke Jensen, Vincent M Christoffels
Apr 9, 2020·Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology·Immacolata BelvisoClotilde Castaldo
Jan 30, 2021·Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology·Ana Catarina SilvaDiana S Nascimento
Feb 10, 2021·Nature Biotechnology·Lika DrakhlisRobert Zweigerdt

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