Gain-of-function mutations in beet DODA2 identify key residues for betalain pigment evolution.

The New Phytologist
Alexander BeanAlan M Lloyd

Abstract

The key enzymatic step in betalain biosynthesis involves conversion of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) to betalamic acid. One class of enzymes capable of this is 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine 4,5-dioxygenase (DODA). In betalain-producing species, multiple paralogs of this gene are maintained. This study demonstrates which paralogs function in the betalain pathway and determines the residue changes required to evolve a betalain-nonfunctional DODA into a betalain-functional DODA. Functionalities of two pairs of DODAs were tested by expression in beets, Arabidopsis and yeast, and gene silencing was performed by virus-induced gene silencing. Site-directed mutagenesis identified amino acid residues essential for betalamic acid production. Beta vulgaris and Mirabilis jalapa both possess a DODA1 lineage that functions in the betalain pathway and at least one other lineage, DODA2, that does not. Site-directed mutagenesis resulted in betalain biosynthesis by a previously nonfunctional DODA, revealing key residues required for evolution of the betalain pathway. Divergent functionality of DODA paralogs, one clade involved in betalain biosynthesis but others not, is present in various Caryophyllales species. A minimum of seven amino aci...Continue Reading

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May 15, 2015·The New Phytologist·Samuel F BrockingtonStephen A Smith
Mar 24, 2016·Molecular Biology and Evolution·Sudhir KumarKoichiro Tamura

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Citations

Jun 7, 2019·The New Phytologist·Alfonso TimonedaSamuel Brockington
Aug 4, 2020·Natural Product Reports·Benjamin R Lichman
Jan 30, 2019·Molecules : a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry·Xingyuan XiBaolong Liu
Mar 19, 2021·Scientific Reports·Yu-Cheng ChangJun-Yi Yang
Apr 30, 2021·The New Phytologist

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