Gambling for Gatorade: risk-sensitive decision making for fluid rewards in humans.

Animal Cognition
Benjamin Y Hayden, Michael L Platt

Abstract

Determining how both humans and animals make decisions in risky situations is a central problem in economics, experimental psychology, behavioral economics, and neurobiology. Typically, humans are risk seeking for gains and risk averse for losses, while animals may display a variety of preferences under risk depending on, amongst other factors, internal state. Such differences in behavior may reflect major cognitive and cultural differences or they may reflect differences in the way risk sensitivity is probed in humans and animals. Notably, in most studies humans make one or a few choices amongst hypothetical or real monetary options, while animals make dozens of repeated choices amongst options offering primary rewards like food or drink. To address this issue, we probed risk-sensitive decision making in human participants using a paradigm modeled on animal studies, in which rewards were either small squirts of Gatorade or small amounts of real money. Possible outcomes and their probabilities were not made explicit in either case. We found that individual patterns of decision making were strikingly similar for both juice and for money, both in overall risk preferences and in trial-to-trial effects of reward outcome on choice. ...Continue Reading

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Citations

Dec 5, 2012·Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes·Andrew T Marshall, Kimberly Kirkpatrick
Feb 9, 2011·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Sarah F BrosnanBart J Wilson
Sep 11, 2013·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Hiroshi YamadaPaul W Glimcher
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