Gel immobilization: A strategy to improve the performance of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria for nitrogen-rich wastewater treatment

Bioresource Technology
Hafiz Adeel AhmadQi Wang

Abstract

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process appears a suitable substitute to nitrification-denitrification at a lower C/N ratios. Anammox is a chemolithoautotrophic process, belong to phylum Planctomycetes, and they are slow growing bacteria. Different strategies, e.g., biofilm formation, granulation and gel immobilization, have been applied to maintain a critical mass of bacterial cells in the system by avoiding washout from the bioreactor. Gel immobilization of anammox appears the best alternative to the natural process of biofilm formation and granulation. Polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate, polyethylene glycol, and waterborne polyurethane are the most reported materials used for the entrapment of anammox bacteria. However, dissolution of the gel beads refrains its application for long term bioprocess. Magnetic powder could coat on the surface of the beads which may increase the mechanical strength and durability of pellets. Application and problem of immobilization technology for the commercialization of this technology also addressed.

Citations

Feb 19, 2021·Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research·Ke ZhangLin Li
May 9, 2021·The Science of the Total Environment·Gabriela BonassaAirton Kunz
May 9, 2021·Bioresource Technology·Chanusha WeralupitiyaMeththika Vithanage
Aug 23, 2021·World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology·Evan RonanSteven N Liss
Jan 25, 2022·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Pattaraporn KunapongkitiTawan Limpiyakorn

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