Gender-confirming facial surgery: considerations on the masculinity and femininity of faces

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
J J HageD Bram Tuinzing

Abstract

While aesthetic facial surgery performed for reasons of undesired facial masculinity or femininity has had some attention in the literature, there is a lack of information on gender-confirming facial surgery as part of an overall surgical sex reassignment program. In this paper we try to capture some of the sex differences, respectively, of skeleton, musculature and other subcutaneous soft tissues, integument and frame of the face. From this, we come to a description of some general differences of facial appearance between the sexes. In restructuring the skeletal architecture and facial proportions to match the desired gender, these factors should be taken into account.

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Citations

Mar 26, 2010·Journal of Cranio-maxillo-facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery·Matthew K LeeJeffrey H Spiegel
Aug 21, 2007·Clinics in Plastic Surgery·Alfred G BeckingLouis J G Gooren
Aug 25, 2016·Annales de chirurgie plastique et esthétique·J-T BacheletF Boucher
Dec 29, 2009·Journal of Cranio-maxillo-facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery·Rupert Dempf, Alexander W Eckert
Feb 25, 2017·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Luis CapitánFermín Capitán-Cañadas
Oct 17, 2018·Aesthetic Surgery Journal·Konstantin FrankSebastian Cotofana
Mar 1, 2019·The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery·Mirco RaffainiTommaso Agostini
Apr 3, 2019·The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery·Marcelo Ruben Di MaggioJuan Cruz Dobarro
Jun 25, 2019·Annals of Plastic Surgery·J Joris HageRefaat B Karim
May 25, 2016·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Shane D MorrisonPaul S Cederna
Jul 12, 2019·JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery·Keon M ParsaMichael J Reilly
Jun 20, 2014·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Luis CapitánThiago Tenorio
Jul 14, 2019·The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery·Mirco RaffainiTommaso Agostini
Apr 3, 2019·Aesthetic Plastic Surgery·Mauro BaronePaolo Persichetti
Jul 14, 2019·The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery·Marcelo Ruben Di MaggioJuan Cruz Dobarro
Sep 5, 2020·Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery : Official Publication of the Association of Plastic Surgeons of India·Parag Shashank Telang
Nov 2, 2018·Aesthetic Surgery Journal·Mona AschaAlexander J Gougoutas
Dec 31, 2020·AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology·Andrew L CallenJared Narvid
Dec 31, 2020·AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology·Andrew Lawrence CallenJared Narvid
Nov 3, 2020·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Val Lambros, Gideon Amos
Mar 18, 2021·Facial Plastic Surgery : FPS·Keon M ParsaMichael J Reilly
Apr 1, 2021·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open·Kamol Pansritum
May 8, 2021·Archives of Craniofacial Surgery·Supasid Jirawatnotai, Papat Sriswadpong

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