Gender-specific features of plasmatic and circulating cell alterations as risk factors in cardiovascular disease

Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology
Elisabetta StrafaceWalter Malorni

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the Western countries. Several epidemiological studies have hypothesized a gender disparity in the pathogenesis and progression of CVD. For instance, women develop CVD when they are about 10 years older than men and, typically, after menopause. However, considering that women are often excluded from research studies, sex differences in CVD remains a frontier for discovery. Very important is thus the identification of risk factors allowing us to diagnose or predict cardiovascular events taking into account gender disparities. In this review, we will examine some of the major challenges in the discovery and validation of cardiovascular biomarkers in a gender perspective. In particular, we will consider classical (hypertension, smoking, diabetes, dyslipidemia, physical inactivity) and novel (inflammation markers, markers of endothelial dysfunction, markers of coronary disease) risk factors reporting gender differences. The aim of this review was to provide an overview on current knowledge on sex-associated cardiovascular determinants with the aim to improve CVD diagnostic and prognostic clinical courses and to develop new and gender-biased prevention strategies.

References

Jan 1, 1992·Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology·C Rångemark, A Wennmalm
Dec 1, 1990·Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache·O K Jensen, F F Nielsen
Oct 1, 1993·Immunology Today·A J Gearing, W Newman
Jul 31, 1998·The New England Journal of Medicine·E R LevinW K Samson
Apr 15, 2000·Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology·J R ChanJ P Cooke
Aug 17, 2000·The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine·R E GersztenA D Luster
Mar 10, 2001·Cell·C K Glass, J L Witztum
Mar 10, 2001·Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics·UNKNOWN Biomarkers Definitions Working Group.
Sep 26, 2001·International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity·N G ForouhiP M McKeigue
Nov 7, 2001·Circulation·U SchönbeckP M Ridker
Jan 5, 2002·Atherosclerosis·William S ShinStanley G Rockson
Feb 1, 2002·The New England Journal of Medicine·Christian J GruberJohannes C Huber
Feb 19, 2002·Journal of the American College of Cardiology·James S ZebrackUNKNOWN Intermountain Heart Collaboration Study Group
May 25, 2002·Public Health Nutrition·H H Vorster
Jul 3, 2002·Circulation·Stefan BlankenbergUNKNOWN AtheroGene Investigators
Aug 21, 2002·Circulation·Patrick AndréDavid R Phillips
Sep 13, 2002·Journal of the American College of Cardiology·Margaret M RedfieldJohn C Burnett
Oct 16, 2002·Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology·Kyoko NishiShinji Nagahiro
Oct 16, 2002·Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology·Thomas J WangChristopher J O'Donnell
Dec 31, 2002·Journal of the American College of Cardiology·Franz H MesserliJan A Staessen
Mar 20, 2003·Journal of the American College of Cardiology·Gavin J Blake, Paul M Ridker
Mar 21, 2003·The New England Journal of Medicine·Christopher HeeschenUNKNOWN CAPTURE Study Investigators
Aug 13, 2003·Circulation·Nerea VaroUwe Schönbeck
Oct 22, 2003·Circulation·Paul E SzmitkoSubodh Verma
Mar 23, 2004·Current Drug Targets. Cardiovascular & Haematological Disorders·Shiro Kitamoto, Kensuke Egashira
Apr 9, 2004·The New England Journal of Medicine·John DaneshVilmundur Gudnason
Nov 20, 2004·Current Problems in Cardiology·Vijaya K MunagalaMargaret M Redfield
Apr 19, 2005·FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·Natalya V NarizhnevaTatiana V Byzova
May 25, 2005·Circulation·Joaquin Barnoya, Stanton A Glantz
Aug 17, 2005·Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : JTH·M W Mosesson

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Apr 6, 2012·International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health·Catarina CanivetPer-Olof Östergren
Oct 3, 2012·Thrombosis Research·L BadimonM Borrell-Pagès
Aug 28, 2013·Hypertension·Kate M DentonMarianne Tare

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Related Feeds

Cardiovascular Inflammation

Inflammation plays a significant role in the development of cardiovascular diseases, an understanding of these endogenous processes is critical for evaluating the risks and potential treatment strategies. Discover the latest research on cardiovascular inflammation here.

Cardiovascular Disease Pathophysiology

Cardiovascular disease involves several different processes that contribute to the pathological mechanism, including hyperglycemia, inflammation, atherosclerosis, hypertension and more. Vasculature stability plays a critical role in the development of the disease. Discover the latest research on cardiovascular disease pathophysiology here.