Genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in cortisol level and circadian rhythm in middle childhood.

Hormones and Behavior
Carol A Van HulleH Hill Goldsmith

Abstract

Individuals differ widely in cortisol output over the day, but the etiology of these individual differences remains poorly understood. Twin studies are useful for quantifying genetic and environmental influences on the variation in cortisol output, lending insight into underlying influences on the components of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis functioning. Salivary cortisol was assayed on 446 twin pairs (157 monozygotic, 289 dizygotic; ages 7-8). Parents helped youth collect saliva 30 min after waking, mid-afternoon, and 30 min prior to bedtime across 3 consecutive days. We used hierarchical linear modeling to extract predicted cortisol levels and to distinguish cortisol's diurnal rhythm using a slopes-as-outcome piecewise growth curve model; two slopes captured the morning-to-afternoon and afternoon-to-evening rhythm, respectively. Separate genetic models were then fit to cortisol level at waking, mid-afternoon, and evening as well as the diurnal rhythm across morning-to-afternoon and afternoon-to-evening hours. Three results from these analyses are striking. First, morning-to-afternoon cortisol level showed the highest additive genetic variance (heritability), consistent with prior research. Second, cortisol's diurna...Continue Reading

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Citations

Dec 4, 2012·Twin Research and Human Genetics : the Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies·Nicole L SchmidtH Hill Goldsmith
Jan 10, 2013·Neuroscience·C W HoltzmanE F Walker
Mar 19, 2016·Developmental Psychobiology·Catherine B StroudDouglas A Granger
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Mar 21, 2017·Development and Psychopathology·Carol A Van HulleRebecca J Brooker
Sep 10, 2019·Twin Research and Human Genetics : the Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies·Nicole L SchmidtH H Goldsmith
Oct 15, 2019·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Britt J van KeulenMartijn J J Finken
Dec 24, 2019·Twin Research and Human Genetics : the Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies·Kathryn Lemery-ChalfantMary C Davis
Mar 15, 2019·Developmental Psychobiology·Jessica L BorelliDouglas A Granger
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Aug 3, 2019·International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience·Emily B Reilly, Megan R Gunnar
Nov 18, 2021·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines·Sarah NazzariAlessandra Frigerio

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