Genetically modified and organic crops in developing countries: a review of options for food security

Biotechnology Advances
Hossein Azadi, Peter Ho

Abstract

Since two decades ago, when the first GM crops were introduced, there have increasingly been hot debates on the applications of gene manipulation. Currently, the development of GM crop varieties has raised a wide range of new legal, ethical and economic questions in agriculture. There is a growing body of literature reflecting the socio-economic and environmental impacts of GM crops which aims to criticize their value for farming systems. While organic crops are promoted as environmentally-friendly products in developed countries, they have provoked great controversy in developing countries facing food security and a low agricultural productivity. Discussion has been especially vigorous when organic farming was introduced as an alternative method. There are in fact, a few tradeoffs in developing countries. On the one hand, farmers are encouraged to accept and implement GM crops because of their higher productivity, while on the other hand, organic farming is encouraged because of socio-economic and environmental considerations. A crucial question facing such countries is therefore, whether GM crops can co-exist with organic farming. This paper aims to review the main considerations and tradeoffs.

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Citations

Jun 19, 2013·Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition·Sanne SchoonbeekFrank Witlox
Jan 9, 2015·Critical Reviews in Biotechnology·Hossein AzadiFrank Witlox
Apr 17, 2012·Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture·Hossein AzadiFrank Witlox
Aug 19, 2014·Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture·Su Lin LimKatrina Pui Yee Shak
Jun 6, 2015·Science and Engineering Ethics·Mansour GhanianHossein Azadi
Aug 5, 2011·Biotechnology Advances·Sjoerd BazuinFrank Witlox
Nov 9, 2010·Trends in Biotechnology·Hossein AzadiKiumars Zarafshani
Feb 10, 2016·Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture·Amina YaqoobTayyab Husnain
Aug 9, 2016·Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science·Omid M GhoochaniHossein Azadi
Mar 13, 2012·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Honghong WuMing Huang
Jun 6, 2017·Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition·Hossein AzadiFatemeh Taheri
Mar 18, 2019·Transgenic Research·Alejandro Barragán-OcañaHortensia Gómez-Viquez
Jan 23, 2021·The Science of the Total Environment·Balasubramanian RamakrishnanMallavarapu Megharaj

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