Genome erosion in a nitrogen-fixing vertically transmitted endosymbiotic multicellular cyanobacterium.

PloS One
Liang RanBirgitta Bergman

Abstract

An ancient cyanobacterial incorporation into a eukaryotic organism led to the evolution of plastids (chloroplasts) and subsequently to the origin of the plant kingdom. The underlying mechanism and the identities of the partners in this monophyletic event remain elusive. To shed light on this evolutionary process, we sequenced the genome of a cyanobacterium residing extracellularly in an endosymbiosis with a plant, the water-fern Azolla filiculoides Lam. This symbiosis was selected as it has characters which make it unique among extant cyanobacterial plant symbioses: the cyanobacterium lacks autonomous growth and is vertically transmitted between plant generations. Our results reveal features of evolutionary significance. The genome is in an eroding state, evidenced by a large proportion of pseudogenes (31.2%) and a high frequency of transposable elements (approximately 600) scattered throughout the genome. Pseudogenization is found in genes such as the replication initiator dnaA and DNA repair genes, considered essential to free-living cyanobacteria. For some functional categories of genes pseudogenes are more prevalent than functional genes. Loss of function is apparent even within the 'core' gene categories of bacteria, such ...Continue Reading

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Datasets Mentioned

BETA
CP002061

Methods Mentioned

BETA
fluorescence microscopy
phosphotransferase
transmission electron microscopy
PCR
454 sequencing

Software Mentioned

RPS
BLAST
Finder
MUSCLE
Ori
blastx
Blastn
RAxML
NoAz
ISfinder

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