Geographic Distribution of Archaeal Ammonia Oxidizing Ecotypes in the Atlantic Ocean

Frontiers in Microbiology
Eva SintesGerhard J Herndl

Abstract

In marine ecosystems, Thaumarchaeota are most likely the major ammonia oxidizers. While ammonia concentrations vary by about two orders of magnitude in the oceanic water column, archaeal ammonia oxidizers (AOA) vary by only one order of magnitude from surface to bathypelagic waters. Thus, the question arises whether the key enzyme responsible for ammonia oxidation, ammonia monooxygenase (amo), exhibits different affinities to ammonia along the oceanic water column and consequently, whether there are different ecotypes of AOA present in the oceanic water column. We determined the abundance and phylogeny of AOA based on their amoA gene. Two ecotypes of AOA exhibited a distribution pattern reflecting the reported availability of ammonia and the physico-chemical conditions throughout the Atlantic, and from epi- to bathypelagic waters. The distinction between these two ecotypes was not only detectable at the nucleotide level. Consistent changes were also detected at the amino acid level. These changes include substitutions of polar to hydrophobic amino acid, and glycine substitutions that could have an effect on the configuration of the amo protein and thus, on its activity. Although we cannot identify the specific effect, the ratio...Continue Reading

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Datasets Mentioned

BETA
KF727022
KF727275
SRP049002

Methods Mentioned

BETA
PCR
electrophoresis

Software Mentioned

oligotype
Hyphy
PRIMER
KaKs
LightCycler 480 gene
iTOL
MEGA
Unifrac

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