Geographical and socioeconomic inequalities in women and children's nutritional status in Pakistan in 2011: an analysis of data from a nationally representative survey

The Lancet Global Health
Mariachiara Di CesareZulfiqar A Bhutta

Abstract

Pakistan has one of the highest levels of child and maternal undernutrition worldwide, but little information about geographical and socioeconomic inequalities is available. We aimed to analyse anthropometric indicators for childhood and maternal nutrition at a district level in Pakistan and assess the association of nutritional status with food security and maternal and household socioeconomic factors. We used data from the 2011 Pakistan National Nutrition Survey, which included anthropometric measurements for 33 638 children younger than 5 years and 24 826 women of childbearing age. We estimated the prevalences of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children and of underweight, overweight, and obesity in women for all 143 districts of Pakistan using a Bayesian spatial technique. We used a mixed-effect linear model to analyse the association of nutritional status with individual and household sociodemographic factors and food security. Stunting prevalence in Pakistan's districts ranged between 22% (95% credible interval 19-26) and 76% (69-83); the lowest figures for wasting and underweight were both less than 2·5% and the highest were 42% (34-50) for wasting and 54% (49-59) for underweight. In 106 districts, more women we...Continue Reading

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Citations

Mar 22, 2015·The Lancet Global Health·Joanne Katz
Apr 16, 2016·Social Science & Medicine·Zulfiqar A Bhutta
Jan 23, 2016·Health Research Policy and Systems·Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Assad Hafeez
Oct 16, 2015·Journal of the Royal Society, Interface·M U G KraemerR C Reiner
Apr 23, 2016·Nutrients·Valérie GreffeuilleJacques Berger
May 18, 2016·Maternal & Child Nutrition·Jai K DasZulfiqar A Bhutta
May 18, 2016·Maternal & Child Nutrition·Ariel Higgins-SteeleZulfiqar A Bhutta
May 20, 2016·Nutrients·Valérie GreffeuilleJacques Berger
Oct 30, 2016·The Lancet Global Health·Zulfiqar A Bhutta
May 8, 2018·Children·Muhammad Asim, Yasir Nawaz
Oct 20, 2017·Maternal & Child Nutrition·Aditi KrishnaS V Subramanian
Dec 27, 2018·Developmental Science·Jelena ObradovićAisha K Yousafzai
Jan 12, 2020·Reviews on Environmental Health·Muhammad Mansoor Majeed, Asfa Munir
May 2, 2018·Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism : JPEM·Kui DengYanping Wang
Sep 3, 2020·Journal of Biosocial Science·Tulsi AdhikariM Vishnu Vardhana Rao
May 2, 2019·World Journal of Diabetes·Aysha Habib KhanLena Jafri
Apr 11, 2020·Journal of the American College of Nutrition·Amanat Ali
Aug 20, 2017·BMC Health Services Research·Fatema KhatunAbbas Bhuiya
May 20, 2020·Eating and Weight Disorders : EWD·Elnaz DaneshzadLeila Azadbakht
Jul 25, 2019·The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene·Mosfequr RahmanMostaured Ali Khan
Jan 12, 2021·Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology·Rana F ChehabMichele R Forman
Sep 7, 2021·Public Health Nutrition·Sorif HossainRajon Banik

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