Ginseng alleviates microbial infections of the respiratory tract: a review

Journal of Ginseng Research
Hamid Iqbal, Dong-Kwon Rhee

Abstract

The detrimental impact of air pollution as a result of frequent exposure to fine particles posed a global public health risk mainly to the pulmonary disorders in pediatric and geriatric population. Here, we reviewed the current literature regarding the role of ginseng and/or its components as antimicrobials, especially against pathogens that cause respiratory infections in animal and in vitro models. Some of the possible mechanisms for ginseng-mediated viral inhibition suggested are improvements in systemic and mucosa-specific antibody responses, serum hemagglutinin inhibition, lymphocyte proliferation, cell survival rate, and viral clearance in the lungs. In addition, ginseng reduces the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8) and chemokines produced by airway epithelial cells and macrophages, thus preventing weight loss. In case of bacterial infections, ginseng acts by alleviating inflammatory cytokine production, increasing survival rates, and activating phagocytes and natural killer cells. In addition, ginseng inhibits biofilm formation and induces the dispersion and dissolution of mature biofilms. Most clinical trials revealed that ginseng, at various dosages, is a safe a...Continue Reading

Citations

Sep 12, 2020·Pharmaceuticals·Alexander Panossian, Thomas Brendler
Feb 27, 2021·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety·Jinjin JingPeng Xue
Feb 25, 2021·Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : ECAM·Heeok HongSeong Gu Hwang
Dec 16, 2020·ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering·Marian G RofealSanaa Omar
Sep 22, 2020·Complementary Therapies in Medicine·Michele AntonelliFabio Firenzuoli

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
bronchoalveolar lavage
fluorescence microscopy
bronchoalveolar
lavage

Clinical Trials Mentioned

NCT01478009
NCT00255307
NCT00965822
NCT00726401
NCT00752895
NCT03028077

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