Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit and Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine
Jordan E JohnsonClaude T Moorman

Abstract

There is an association between throwing activity and glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD). An 18° to 20° deficit has been adopted as the standard definition of pathological GIRD, but specific findings as to how GIRD relates to an injury are inconsistent. To systematically review the literature to clarify the definition of GIRD diagnosis for adolescent and adult overhead athletes and to examine the association between GIRD and an increased risk of injuries in these athletes. Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. A systematic review of the literature was performed. Observational studies comparing glenohumeral internal rotation range of motion (ROM) in injured and uninjured overhead athletes were included for the meta-analysis. Studies of adolescent and adult athletes were analyzed separately. ROM was compared for the injured and uninjured groups, and a weighted mean GIRD was estimated. To account for potential heterogeneity across studies, both fixed- and random-effects models were used to calculate a standardized mean difference (SMD). Nine studies of level 3 or 4 evidence were included. From these, 12 study groups (4 adolescent, 8 adult) comprising 819 overhead athletes (226 injured, 593 uninjured) were included in...Continue Reading

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Citations

Feb 14, 2020·Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine·John M Zajac, John M Tokish
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Jun 25, 2021·Journal of Sport Rehabilitation·Germanna M BarbosaPaula R Camargo

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