Global Ocean Integrals and Means, with Trend Implications

Annual Review of Marine Science
Carl Wunsch

Abstract

Understanding the ocean requires determining and explaining global integrals and equivalent average values of temperature (heat), salinity (freshwater and salt content), sea level, energy, and other properties. Attempts to determine means, integrals, and climatologies have been hindered by thinly and poorly distributed historical observations in a system in which both signals and background noise are spatially very inhomogeneous, leading to potentially large temporal bias errors that must be corrected at the 1% level or better. With the exception of the upper ocean in the current altimetric-Argo era, no clear documentation exists on the best methods for estimating means and their changes for quantities such as heat and freshwater at the levels required for anthropogenic signals. Underestimates of trends are as likely as overestimates; for example, recent inferences that multidecadal oceanic heat uptake has been greatly underestimated are plausible. For new or augmented observing systems, calculating the accuracies and precisions of global, multidecadal sampling densities for the full water column is necessary to avoid the irrecoverable loss of scientifically essential information.

References

May 16, 2002·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Walter Munk
Jun 22, 2011·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Andrew C KempStefan Rahmstorf
Jul 20, 2012·Annual Review of Marine Science·Detlef StammerMark E Tamisiea
Jan 25, 2013·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Ka-Kit Tung, Jiansong Zhou
Mar 21, 2013·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Carl WunschD James Baker
Mar 31, 2015·Geophysical Research Letters·Richard P AllanPier-Luigi Vidale

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Citations

Sep 19, 2020·Science·Wenbo WuJörn Callies
Jan 9, 2019·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Laure ZannaPatrick Heimbach
Sep 16, 2020·Annual Review of Marine Science·Geoffrey Gebbie

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Software Mentioned

RAPID
Argo
ECCO
GRACE Recovery Climate Experiment

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