PMID: 8447379Feb 1, 1993Paper

Glucose counterregulation: prevention and correction of hypoglycemia in humans

The American Journal of Physiology
Philip E Cryer

Abstract

The prevention or correction of hypoglycemia in humans is the result of both dissipation of insulin and activation of glucose counterregulatory (glucose-raising) systems. Whereas insulin is the dominant glucose-lowering factor, there are redundant glucose counterregulatory factors. Furthermore, there is a hierarchy among the glucoregulatory factors. The first defense against a decrement in plasma glucose is decreased insulin secretion; this occurs with glucose decrements within the physiological range at a glycemic threshold of 4.6 +/- 0.2 mmol/l. However, biological glucose recovery from hypoglycemia can occur despite mild (approximately 2-fold) peripheral hyperinsulinemia and can occur in the absence of portal hypoinsulinemia. Thus additional (glucose counterregulatory) factors must be involved. Critical glucose counterregulatory systems are activated at glycemic thresholds of approximately 3.8 mmol/l (the level at which brain glucose uptake is first measurably reduced), well above the thresholds for symptoms of hypoglycemia (approximately 3.0 mmol/l) and those for cognitive dysfunction resulting from neuroglycopenia (approximately 2.7 mmol/l). Among the glucose counterregulatory factors, glucagon plays a primary role. Indeed...Continue Reading

References

May 1, 1985·The Journal of Clinical Investigation·G BolliJ E Gerich
Jul 25, 1985·The New England Journal of Medicine·P E Cryer, J E Gerich
Mar 1, 1986·The Journal of Clinical Investigation·R R WolfeM H Wolfe
Mar 1, 1981·Diabetes·P E Cryer
Mar 1, 1980·The Journal of Clinical Investigation·R A RizzaJ E Gerich
Mar 3, 1983·The New England Journal of Medicine·N H WhiteJ V Santiago
Mar 1, 1981·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·F SanteusanioP Brunetti

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Dec 18, 2001·American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology·Sven KarlssonBo Ahrén
Oct 3, 2008·Pediatric Diabetes·Jaime S Rosa, Pietro R Galassetti
Mar 11, 2000·American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism·M MevorachH Shamoon
Dec 20, 2000·American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism·K HojlundH Beck-Nielsen
Oct 31, 2012·FEBS Letters·Yu SuYukio Ando
Jul 10, 2008·American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism·Andrew C ErtlStephen N Davis
Jul 15, 2005·American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism·Bharathi Raju, Philip E Cryer
Jun 14, 2019·Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : ECAM·Siba ShanakHilal Zaid
Oct 13, 2020·Diabetologia·Kimberly M AlongeMichael W Schwartz
Jul 31, 2021·Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications·Christopher D MorrisonDavid H McDougal

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.