Graves Lower Eyelid Retraction

Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Sara Filipa Teixeira RibeiroAntonio Augusto Velasco Cruz

Abstract

Graves lower eyelid retraction (GLLR) is a common and controversial sign of Graves orbitopathy. The authors reviewed the mechanisms and surgical techniques currently used to correct this Graves orbitopathy-related eyelid malposition. A literature search was performed on the MEDLINE database using the keywords "lower eyelid retraction," "Graves orbitopathy," "thyroid ophthalmopathy," "thyroid eye disease," "spacers," and "eyelid surgery." Only articles in English were included. The level of evidence of publications regarding surgical correction of GLLR was evaluated and graded from I to IV, using a rating system adapted from a validated scientific evidence classification method. The mechanisms responsible for GLLR are not fully understood and no subtypes of GLLR have been distinguished. The surgical literature of GLLR encompasses mainly descriptions of surgical techniques without objective measurements of the results, and uncontrolled studies. Only 1 randomized controlled trial was identified. To lengthen the lower retractors, a large variety of different materials have been used as spacers. The scientific literature on GLLR is vast, however controlled and randomized studies comparing different surgical techniques are lacking. A...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jun 13, 2019·Current Eye Research·Denny Marcos GarciaSara Filipa Teixeira Ribeiro
Jun 18, 2019·Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery·Norberto ManceraJasmina Bajric
Mar 9, 2018·International Ophthalmology Clinics·Yao WangPradeep Mettu
Jul 14, 2017·Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology·Priscila NovaesTerry J Smith
Jan 15, 2021·Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde·Christoph Hintschich
Mar 21, 2021·International Ophthalmology Clinics·Sanja G CypenJeremiah P Tao
Mar 30, 2021·Orbit·Varshitha Hemanth Vasanthapuram, Milind N Naik
Jul 27, 2021·Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open·Tokuei TakahiraNobuyuki Mitsukawa

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