Green copper pigments biodegradation in cultural heritage: from malachite to moolooite, thermodynamic modeling, X-ray fluorescence, and Raman evidence

Analytical Chemistry
Kepa CastroLuis Angel Fernández

Abstract

Moolooite (copper oxalate), a very rare compound, was found as a degradation product from the decay of malachite in several specimens of Cultural Heritage studied. Computer simulations, based on heterogeneous chemical equilibria, support the transformation of malachite to moolooite through the intermediate copper basic sulfates or copper basic chlorides, depending on the presence of available free sulfate or chloride anions in the chemical system. Raman and X-ray fluorescence spectral evidence found during the analysis of the three case studies investigated supported the model predictions. According to the study, the presence of lichens and other microorganisms might be responsible for the decay phenomena. This work tries to highlight the importance of biological attack on specimens belonging to Cultural Heritage and to demonstrate the consequences of oxalic acid, excreted by some of these microorganisms, on the conservation and preservation of artwork.

References

Jan 11, 2005·Applied and Environmental Microbiology·M FominaG M Gadd
Feb 25, 2005·Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry·K CastroJ M Madariaga
Sep 1, 2005·Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry·Peter VandenabeeleLuc Moens
Feb 20, 2007·Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy·María C D'AntonioEnrique J Baran
Feb 24, 2007·Chemical Reviews·Peter VandenabeeleLuc Moens
Mar 28, 2007·Analytica Chimica Acta·P VandenabeeleH G M Edwards

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Citations

Aug 16, 2008·Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry·Kepa CastroJuan Manuel Madariaga
Oct 9, 2009·Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry·Silvie SvarcováPetr Bezdicka
Nov 9, 2010·Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry·N Prieto-TaboadaJ M Madariaga
Sep 29, 2011·Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry·Pascale RichardinAlain Brunelle
Feb 24, 2015·Microscopy and Microanalysis : the Official Journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada·Sara ValadasAntónio Candeias

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