Growth Hormone(s), Testosterone, Insulin-Like Growth Factors, and Cortisol: Roles and Integration for Cellular Development and Growth With Exercise.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
William J KraemerMaren S Fragala

Abstract

Hormones are largely responsible for the integrated communication of several physiological systems responsible for modulating cellular growth and development. Although the specific hormonal influence must be considered within the context of the entire endocrine system and its relationship with other physiological systems, three key hormones are considered the "anabolic giants" in cellular growth and repair: testosterone, the growth hormone superfamily, and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) superfamily. In addition to these anabolic hormones, glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol must also be considered because of their profound opposing influence on human skeletal muscle anabolism in many instances. This review presents emerging research on: (1) Testosterone signaling pathways, responses, and adaptations to resistance training; (2) Growth hormone: presents new complexity with exercise stress; (3) Current perspectives on IGF-I and physiological adaptations and complexity these hormones as related to training; and (4) Glucocorticoid roles in integrated communication for anabolic/catabolic signaling. Specifically, the review describes (1) Testosterone as the primary anabolic hormone, with an anabolic influence largely dictated prima...Continue Reading

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Citations

Aug 13, 2020·Journal of Clinical Medicine·Cristina MennittiOlga Scudiero
Jul 8, 2020·Journal of Endocrinological Investigation·L Di LuigiP Sgrò
Sep 3, 2020·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Karlijn PellikaanLaura C G de Graaff
Dec 1, 2020·Endocrines·Anthony C Hackney, Hannah N Willett
Dec 4, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Alex HirtzHélène Dumond
Mar 11, 2021·Psychoneuroendocrinology·Eva Kathrin LamadéMichael Deuschle
Jul 3, 2021·Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology·Satoshi MizuguchiMichael H Stone
Jun 13, 2021·Growth Hormone & IGF Research : Official Journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society·Disa L HatfieldWesley C Hymer
Aug 8, 2021·Growth Hormone & IGF Research : Official Journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society·Diana Paula Pandochi Fernandes MonteiroHugo Tourinho Filho

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
acetylation
biopsies
size exclusion chromatography
RNAseq
electrophoresis

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