Growth of second stage mineral in Lytechinus variegatus

Connective Tissue Research
S R StockA Veis

Abstract

Purpose and Aims: Sea urchin teeth consist of calcite and form in two stages with different magnesium contents. The first stage structures of independently formed plates and needle-prisms define the shape of the tooth, and the columns of the second stage mineral cements the first stage structures together and control the fracture behavior of the mature tooth. This study investigates the nucleation and growth of the second stage mineral. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and synchrotron microComputed Tomography characterized the structures of the second phase material found in developing of Lytechinus variegatus teeth. Although the column development is a continuous process, defining four phases of column formation captures the changes that occur in teeth of L. variegatus. The earliest phase consists of small 1-2 µm diameter hemispheres, and the second of 5-10 µm diameter, mound-like structures with a nodular surface, develops from the hemispheres. The mounds eventually bridge the syncytium between adjacent plates and form hyperboloid structures (phase three) that appear like mesas when plates separate during the fracture. The mesa diameter increases with time until the column diameter is significantly larger than its height, d...Continue Reading

References

Oct 1, 1986·The Journal of Experimental Zoology·D J VeisA Veis
Apr 29, 1997·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences·R Z WangS Weiner
Feb 11, 2003·Journal of Structural Biology·S R StockA Veis
Jul 7, 2007·The Review of Scientific Instruments·Xianghui XiaoStuart Stock
Nov 7, 2008·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Yael PolitiPupa Gilbert
Apr 1, 2009·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Yurong MaSteve Weiner
Dec 17, 2009·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Jinhui TaoRuikang Tang
Aug 21, 2010·Journal of Synchrotron Radiation·Paul Antoine DouissardAlexander Rack
Sep 4, 2012·Journal of Structural Biology·Stuart R StockJason R Dorvee
Jun 10, 2014·Acta Biomaterialia·S R StockZ Cai
Aug 27, 2014·Connective Tissue Research·Stuart R StockJonathan D Almer

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