Halitosis among racially diverse populations: an update

International Journal of Dental Hygiene
S Rayman, Khalid Almas

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to highlight the cultural perceptions of halitosis to dental professionals. Halitosis (oral malodour or bad breath) is caused mainly by tongue coating and periodontal disease. Bacterial metabolism of amino acids leads to metabolites including many compounds, such as indole, skatole and volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulphide. They are claimed to be the main aetiological agents for halitosis. Gastrointestinal diseases are also generally believed to cause halitosis. In general, physicians and dentists are poorly informed about the causes and treatments for halitosis. The paper reviews the prevalence and distribution of halitosis, oral malodour, its aetiology, concepts of general and oral health and diseases and their perception among racially diverse population. Eating, smoking and drinking habits and understanding of halitosis as a social norm among different people has been highlighted. The treatment options have also been presented very briefly. A brief discussion about general importance within existing healthcare services has been highlighted. Oral malodour may rank only behind dental caries and periodontal disease as the cause of patient's visits t...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jun 23, 2012·International Journal of Oral Science·Curd M L Bollen, Thomas Beikler
Jun 7, 2012·Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology·Thuy A V PhamYoko Kawaguchi
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Aug 16, 2016·International Journal of Dental Hygiene·H-X LuW Ye
Jul 1, 2017·American Journal of Public Health·Melanie E Mayberry
Jun 28, 2018·Journal of Breath Research·Athina C GeorgiouXanthippi Dereka
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Jul 3, 2020·Minerva stomatologica·Federica RomanoMario Aimetti
Apr 25, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Izabella MogilnickaMarcin Ufnal
Feb 5, 2021·Journal of Clinical Medicine·Laetitia HarmoucheOlivier Huck

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