Health effects from swimming training in chlorinated pools and the corresponding metabolic stress pathways

PloS One
Jiang-Hua LiYa-Jun Lin

Abstract

Chlorination is the most popular method for disinfecting swimming pool water; however, although pathogens are being killed, many toxic compounds, called disinfection by-products (DBPs), are formed. Numerous epidemiological publications have associated the chlorination of pools with dysfunctions of the respiratory system and with some other diseases. However, the findings concerning these associations are not always consistent and have not been confirmed by toxicological studies. Therefore, the health effects from swimming in chlorinated pools and the corresponding stress reactions in organisms are unclear. In this study, we show that although the growth and behaviors of experimental rats were not affected, their health, training effects and metabolic profiles were significantly affected by a 12-week swimming training program in chlorinated water identical to that of public pools. Interestingly, the eyes and skin are the organs that are more directly affected than the lungs by the irritants in chlorinated water; instead of chlorination, training intensity, training frequency and choking on water may be the primary factors for lung damage induced by swimming. Among the five major organs (the heart, liver, spleen, lungs and kidney...Continue Reading

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Citations

Oct 10, 2019·Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research·Therese Bergh Nitter, Kristin V Hirsch Svendsen
Apr 10, 2019·Metabolomics : Official Journal of the Metabolomic Society·Stephanie GänglerKonstantinos C Makris
Dec 2, 2021·Toxicological Sciences : an Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology·Derek SimonsenHans-Joachim Lehmler

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
nuclear magnetic resonance
dissection
NMR
PCA

Software Mentioned

SIMCA
Top Spin
SPSS

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