Heavy Testosterone Use Among Bodybuilders: An Uncommon Cohort of Illicit Substance Users

Mayo Clinic Proceedings
Mary E WestermanLandon Trost

Abstract

To identify and characterize patterns of use among a contemporary cohort of current anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users. An anonymous, self-administered, 49-item questionnaire was posted on message boards of Internet websites popular among AAS users and administered via SurveyMonkey from February 1, 2015, to June 1, 2015. Thirty-seven questions were analyzed for this study. A total of 231 male respondents met the inclusion criteria. Most were white, were older than 25 years, were employed with above average income, and had received a formal education beyond high school. Ninety-three percent began using AAS after the age of 18 years, and 81% reported using 400 mg or more of testosterone per week. Factors associated with longer duration of use (>5 years) included higher incomes (≥$75,000, P=.003), increased testosterone dosages (>600 mg per week, P=.007), older age (≥35 years, P<.001), being married (P<.001), and being self-employed (P<.001). The Internet was the most common source of testosterone (53%). Ninety-three percent used at least one additional performance-enhancing drug. Seventy-seven percent had routine laboratory tests performed, and 38% reported laboratory abnormalities at some point. Nearly all experienced subje...Continue Reading

References

Jun 1, 1991·British Journal of Addiction·K J BrowerE M Hill
Oct 1, 1995·Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine·E M KouriP Oliva
May 20, 2000·The New England Journal of Medicine·D Arvary, H G Pope
Jun 25, 2003·Drug and Alcohol Dependence·Gen KanayamaJames I Hudson
Aug 20, 2004·Addiction·Harrison G PopeJames I Hudson
Jan 22, 2005·Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology·Ingemar Thiblin, Anna Petersson
Dec 17, 2005·European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists·Thomas A PagonisChristos S Hadjichristodoulou
Aug 29, 2007·Pediatric Clinics of North America·Jennifer L Dotson, Robert T Brown
Oct 13, 2007·Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition·Jason CohenDaniel Gwartney
May 27, 2008·British Journal of Pharmacology·A T Kicman
Sep 23, 2009·Hormones and Behavior·Gen KanayamaHarrison G Pope
Nov 20, 2009·Addiction·Gen KanayamaHarrison G Pope
Jan 15, 2011·Drug and Alcohol Dependence·Tonya Dodge, Margaux F Hoagland
Jun 21, 2011·BJU International·Guilherme Leme de Souza, Jorge Hallak
Oct 12, 2013·The American Journal on Addictions·Harrison G PopeAaron Baggish
May 26, 2015·Drug and Alcohol Dependence·Ingemar ThiblinRolf Gedeborg

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Sep 7, 2016·Case Reports in Orthopedics·Alejandro Ordas BayonMaría Valencia Mora
Feb 2, 2018·Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity·Maria A Christou, Stelios Tigas
Aug 29, 2018·The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology·Monia LusettiCristian Palmiere
Oct 31, 2019·Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports·Diederik L SmitWillem de Ronde
Mar 31, 2019·Biomolecules·Antonio Jesús Sánchez-OliverRaúl Domínguez
Nov 17, 2020·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Josefine Windfeld-MathiasenHenrik Horwitz
Jan 19, 2021·Work : a Journal of Prevention, Assessment, and Rehabilitation·Michael P SyRebecca Twinley
Apr 9, 2021·Frontiers in Psychiatry·Barnaby N Zoob CarterKatinka van de Ven

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.

Related Papers

The American Journal on Addictions
Brian P BrennanHarrison G Pope
Maryland Medical Journal : MMJ
P H HughesD Sheehan
Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists
Paul J FudalaChris Boardman
The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
M TakahashiY Kohno
© 2022 Meta ULC. All rights reserved