Historical and Ethical Perspectives on Vulvoplasty.

Sexual Medicine Reviews
Barbara Chubak

Abstract

Surgical and other procedures to alter the shape of the female external genitalia, especially the labia minora, are increasingly popular and controversial worldwide. This article aims to delineate and complicate the medical and moral controversy around these vulvoplasty procedures, by describing how female genital aesthetics, their interpretation, and alteration vary over time, space, and culture. The history of the Hottentot Venus is used as a pivot about which to consider current biomedical, anthropological, and ethical literatures regarding female genital appearance and its manipulation. Intersectionality describes how different systems influence each other to affect the agency of certain individuals or groups, and is therefore an ideal analytic method for biopsychosocial concerns of sex and informed consent. The 19th century anatomic study and display of Sarah "Saartjie" Baartman, the Hottentot Venus, defined a European vulvar ideal by demonstrating its opposite. Today, the ideal appearance of the labia minora is variable across cultures and nationalities, and various mechanical and surgical manipulations are sought or imposed upon women to bring their bodies into conformity with these ideals. For European audiences, Baartm...Continue Reading

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