Host defense, viruses and apoptosis

Cell Death and Differentiation
G N Barber

Abstract

To thwart viral infection, the host has developed a formidable and integrated defense network that comprises our innate and adaptive immune response. In recent years, it has become clear that in an attempt to prevent viral replication, viral dissemination or persistent viral infection of the cell, many of these protective measures actually involve the induction of programmed cell death, or apoptosis. An initial response to viral infection primarily involves the innate arm of immunity and the killing of infected cells with cytotoxic lymphocytes such as natural killer (NK) cells through mechanisms that include the employment of perforin and granzymes. Once the virus has invaded the cell, however, a second host defense-mediated response is also triggered which involves the induction of a family of cytokines known as the interferons (IFNs). The IFNs, which are essential for initiating and coordinating a successful antiviral response, function by stimulating the adaptive arm of immunity involving cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), and by inducing a number of intracellular genes that directly prevent virus replication/cytolysis or that facilitate apoptosis. The IFN-induced gene family is now known to comprise the death ligand TRAIL, the dsRNA...Continue Reading

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