How does stone-tool use emerge? Introduction of stones and nuts to naive chimpanzees in captivity

Primates; Journal of Primatology
Misato HayashiTetsuro Matsuzawa

Abstract

Nut-cracking behavior has been reported in several communities in West Africa but not in East and Central Africa. Furthermore, even within nut-cracking communities, there are individuals who do not acquire the skill. The present study aimed to clarify the cognitive capability required for nut-cracking behavior and the process through which the the nut-cracking behavior emerges. To examine emergence, we provided three naive adult chimpanzees with a single opportunity to observe human models. A human tester demonstrated nut-cracking behavior using a pair of stones and then supplied stones and nuts to the chimpanzee subjects. Two out of three chimpanzees proceeded to hit a nut on an anvil stone using a hammer stone, one of whom succeeded in cracking open the nuts during the first test session. The third chimpanzee failed to crack open nuts. We used four variables (object, location, body part used, and action) to describe stone/nut manipulation in order to analyze further the patterns of object manipulation exhibited by the subjects. The analysis revealed that there were three main difficulties associated with nut-cracking behavior. (1) The chimpanzee who failed at the task never showed hitting action. (2) The chimpanzee who failed...Continue Reading

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Citations

Sep 19, 2008·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences·Emma Flynn
Oct 9, 2013·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences·Michael Haslam
Oct 15, 2009·PloS One·Shinya YamamotoMasayuki Tanaka
Jul 21, 2012·PloS One·Cornelia SchraufSatoshi Hirata
Sep 18, 2009·Journal of Human Evolution·Natalie T Uomini
Sep 11, 2009·Journal of Human Evolution·J A J Gowlett
Sep 25, 2007·Journal of Experimental Child Psychology·Sarah A FontenelleJeffrey J Lockman
Dec 6, 2006·American Journal of Primatology·Suchinda MalaivijitnondYuzuru Hamada
Aug 22, 2006·Current Biology : CB·Richard W Wrangham
Feb 24, 2009·Cognition·M van ElkH Bekkering
Oct 21, 2015·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences·Andrew Whiten
Oct 21, 2015·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences·Misato Hayashi
Jan 10, 2008·Animal Cognition·Cornelia SchraufElisabetta Visalberghi
Apr 21, 2020·Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society·Elisa Bandini, Rachel A Harrison
May 16, 2019·American Journal of Primatology·Elisa Bandini, Claudio Tennie
Jul 31, 2020·Primates; Journal of Primatology·Misato Hayashi, Hideko Takeshita

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