How Fluoride Protects Dental Enamel from Demineralization.

Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry
James Patrick SimmerJan C-C Hu

Abstract

How fluoride (F-) protects dental enamel from caries is here conveyed to dental health-care providers by making simplifying approximations that accurately convey the essential principles, without obscuring them in a myriad of qualifications. We approximate that dental enamel is composed of calcium hydroxyapatite (HAP), a sparingly soluble ionic solid with the chemical formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. The electrostatic forces binding ionic solids together are described by Coulomb's law, which shows that attractions between opposite charges increase greatly as their separation decreases. Relatively large phosphate ions (PO4 3-) dominate the structure of HAP, which approximates a hexagonal close-packed structure. The smaller Ca2+ and OH- ions fit into the small spaces (interstices) between phosphates, slightly expanding the close-packed structure. F- ions are smaller than OH- ions, so substituting F- for OH- allows packing the same number of ions into a smaller volume, increasing their forces of attraction. Dental decay results from tipping the solubility equilibrium Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 (s) ⇔ 10Ca2+ (aq) + 6PO4 2- (aq) + 2OH- (aq) toward dissolution. HAP dissolves when the product of its ion concentrations, [Ca2+]10×[PO4 3-]6×[OH-]2, falls be...Continue Reading

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