How geostatistics can help you find lead and galvanized water service lines: The case of Flint, MI

The Science of the Total Environment
Pierre Goovaerts

Abstract

In the aftermath of Flint drinking water crisis, most US cities have been scrambling to locate all lead service lines (LSLs) in their water supply systems. This information, which is most often inaccurate or lacking, is critical to assess compliance with the Lead and Copper Rule and to plan the replacement of lead and galvanized service lines (GSLs) as currently under way in Flint. This paper presents the first geospatial approach to predict the likelihood that a home has a LSL or GSL based on neighboring field data (i.e., house inspection) and secondary information (i.e., construction year and city records). The methodology is applied to the City of Flint where 3254 homes have been inspected by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality to identify service line material. GSLs and LSLs were mostly observed in houses built prior to 1934 and during World War II, respectively. City records led to the over-identification of LSLs, likely because old records were not updated as these lines were being replaced. Indicator semivariograms indicated that both types of service line are spatially clustered with a range of 1.4km for LSLs and 2.8km for GSLs. This spatial autocorrelation was integrated with secondary data using residual ...Continue Reading

References

Jun 3, 1988·Science·J A Swets
Jul 18, 2008·American Journal of Public Health·Richard Rabin
May 31, 2016·Journal of Environmental Management·Pierre GoovaertsMatthew Rissing
Feb 2, 2017·Environmental Science & Technology·Kelsey J PieperMarc A Edwards
Mar 14, 2017·The Science of the Total Environment·Michael B RosenMark H Weir

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Citations

Sep 6, 2018·The Science of the Total Environment·Pierre Goovaerts
Mar 7, 2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Raoul S LiévanosRyan Light

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