How to Measure Molecular Forces in Cells: A Guide to Evaluating Genetically-Encoded FRET-Based Tension Sensors.

Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering
Anna-Lena CostCarsten Grashoff

Abstract

The ability of cells to sense and respond to mechanical forces is central to a wide range of biological processes and plays an important role in numerous pathologies. The molecular mechanisms underlying cellular mechanotransduction, however, have remained largely elusive because suitable methods to investigate subcellular force propagation were missing. Here, we review recent advances in the development of biosensors that allow molecular force measurements. We describe the underlying principle of currently available techniques and propose a strategy to systematically evaluate new Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors.

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
atomic force microscopy
FRET
Fluorescence
fluorescence microscopy
biosensors
biosensor
force measurement
optical tweezers
force
optical tweezer

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