PMID: 11607644Apr 2, 1996Paper

Human cooperation in the simultaneous and the alternating Prisoner's Dilemma: Pavlov versus Generous Tit-for-Tat

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
C Wedekind, M Milinski

Abstract

The iterated Prisoner's Dilemma has become the paradigm for the evolution of cooperation among egoists. Since Axelrod's classic computer tournaments and Nowak and Sigmund's extensive simulations of evolution, we know that natural selection can favor cooperative strategies in the Prisoner's Dilemma. According to recent developments of theory the last champion strategy of "win--stay, lose--shift" ("Pavlov") is the winner only if the players act simultaneously. In the more natural situation of players alternating the roles of donor and recipient a strategy of "Generous Tit-for-Tat" wins computer simulations of short-term memory strategies. We show here by experiments with humans that cooperation dominated in both the simultaneous and the alternating Prisoner's Dilemma. Subjects were consistent in their strategies: 30% adopted a Generous Tit-for-Tat-like strategy, whereas 70% used a Pavlovian strategy in both the alternating and the simultaneous game. As predicted for unconditional strategies, Pavlovian players appeared to be more successful in the simultaneous game whereas Generous Tit-for-Tat-like players achieved higher payoffs in the alternating game. However, the Pavlovian players were smarter than predicted: they suffered les...Continue Reading

References

Mar 27, 1981·Science·R Axelrod, W D Hamilton
Jul 22, 1994·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·M R Frean
Dec 9, 1988·Science·R Axelrod, D Dion

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Citations

Jul 22, 1998·Nature·L Keller, H K Reeve
Jun 6, 2012·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Matthijs van VeelenMartin A Nowak
Sep 27, 2007·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Rolf KümmerliLaurent Keller
Sep 11, 2009·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Angèle St-PierreFrédérique Dubois
Mar 1, 2013·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Lucas MollemanMartijn Egas
Nov 20, 2009·Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society·Wiebke SchuettSasha R X Dall
Aug 9, 2008·Science·Brooks King-CasasP Read Montague
Dec 19, 2013·PloS One·Benjamin M ZagorskyMartin A Nowak
Nov 13, 1998·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·M Milinski, C Wedekind
Jan 11, 2016·Topics in Cognitive Science·Christopher A StevensFokie Cnossen
Aug 15, 2014·Frontiers in Psychology·Keith JensenMarco F H Schmidt
Dec 30, 2014·Journal of Theoretical Biology·Hang QiGuangchao Wang
Aug 2, 2016·Scientific Reports·V Sasidevan, Sitabhra Sinha
Oct 5, 2016·PloS One·Christian HilbeManfred Milinski
Nov 5, 2015·Scientific Reports·Pieter van den BergFranz J Weissing
Jul 26, 2014·Scientific Reports·Zhijian WangHai-Jun Zhou
May 31, 2014·Nature Communications·Christian HilbeManfred Milinski
Jul 12, 2018·PloS One·Libing Shen
Sep 17, 2017·Behavior Research Methods·Gene M AlarconKevin T Wynne
Jun 11, 2016·PloS One·Kenji Asakawa-HaasJorg J M Massen
Apr 14, 2016·Nature Communications·Zhijian WangBin Xu
Aug 6, 2004·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Robert OlendorfScott K Robinson
Apr 26, 2001·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·C Hauert
Jun 14, 2003·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Hannelore BrandtKarl Sigmund
Nov 14, 2003·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Gilbert Roberts, James S Renwick
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Aug 6, 2020·Nature Communications·Kate DonahueChristian Hilbe
Apr 19, 2017·Physical Review. E·Marco A AmaralJafferson K L da Silva
Jun 27, 2019·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·Vandana Revathi Venkateswaran, Chaitanya S Gokhale
Oct 11, 2020·Scientific Reports·Yohsuke Murase, Seung Ki Baek
May 18, 2013·Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics·Attila SzolnokiMatjaž Perc
May 8, 2000·Science·C Wedekind, M Milinski

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