Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs): Shaping the Innate Immune Response in Cancers

Cancers
Vincent AlcazerStephane Depil

Abstract

Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) are accounting for 8% of the human genome. These sequences are remnants from ancient germline infections by exogenous retroviruses. After million years of evolution and multiple integrations, HERVs have acquired many damages rendering them defective. At steady state, HERVs are mostly localized in the heterochromatin and silenced by methylation. Multiple conditions have been described to induce their reactivation, including auto-immune diseases and cancers. HERVs re-expression leads to RNA (simple and double-stranded) and DNA production (by reverse transcription), modulating the innate immune response. Some studies also argue for a role of HERVs in shaping the evolution of innate immunity, notably in the development of the interferon response. However, their exact role in the innate immune response, particularly in cancer, remains to be defined. In this review, we see how HERVs could be key-players in mounting an antitumor immune response. After a brief introduction on HERVs characteristics and biology, we review the different mechanisms by which HERVs can interact with the immune system, with a focus on the innate response. We then discuss the potential impact of HERVs expression on the inn...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jul 11, 2020·Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : CII·Aaraby Y NielsenMorten F Gjerstorff
Aug 10, 2020·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·Jorn E StokAnnemarthe G van der Veen
Nov 19, 2020·Microorganisms·Edward P Browne
Jan 16, 2021·Viruses·Justine LagisquetThomas Gramberg
Mar 3, 2021·Current Opinion in Virology·Eugene V KooninMart Krupovic
May 1, 2021·Cancers·Annacarmen PetrizzoLuigi Buonaguro

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
biopsies
acetylation

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