Hypoxic Stress Forces Adaptive and Maladaptive Placental Stress Responses in Early Pregnancy

Birth Defects Research
Yu YangD A Rappolee

Abstract

This review focuses on hypoxic stress and its effects on the placental lineage and the earliest differentiation events in mouse and human placental trophoblast stem cells (TSCs). Although the placenta is a decidual organ at the end of pregnancy, its earliest rapid growth and function at the start of pregnancy precedes and supports growth and function of the embryo. Earliest function requires that TSCs differentiate, however, "hypoxia" supports rapid growth, but not differentiation of TSCs. Most of the literature on earliest placental "hypoxia" studies used 2% oxygen which is normoxic for TSCs. Hypoxic stress happens when oxygen level drops below 2%. It decreases anabolism, proliferation, potency/stemness and increases differentiation, despite culture conditions that would sustain proliferation and potency. Thus, to study the pathogenesis due to TSC dysfunction, it is important to study hypoxic stress below 2%. Many studies have been performed using 0.5 to 1% oxygen in cultured mouse TSCs. From all these studies, a small number has examined human trophoblast lines and primary first trimester placental hypoxic stress responses in culture. Some other stress stimuli, aside from hypoxic stress, are used to elucidate common and uniqu...Continue Reading

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Citations

Aug 9, 2019·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Angela S KelleyVasantha Padmanabhan
Aug 15, 2018·Nature Reviews. Neurology·Steven J KorzeniewskiNigel Paneth
Apr 4, 2021·Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine·Hao ChenHua Zhang
Jun 23, 2021·Stem Cell Reviews and Reports·Mohammed AbdulhasanDaniel A Rappolee

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