I think I am doing great but I feel pretty bad about it: affective versus cognitive verbs and self-reports

Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin
Thomas Holtgraves

Abstract

Four experiments were conducted to examine the effect of responding to self-report items framed with either a cognitive verb (think) or an affective verb (feel). Participants' open-ended self-descriptions were significantly more negative when they responded to a feel prompt than when they responded to a think prompt (Experiments 1 and 2). This effect persisted and influenced scores on a subsequent measure of self-esteem (Experiment 2). Substituting the verb think for feel in the Rosenberg self-esteem scale resulted in significantly higher reported self-esteem for female participants but not for male participants (Experiments 3 and 4). The research contributes to the literature demonstrating the subtle effects of word choice on responses to self-report items.

References

Jul 1, 1987·Psychological Review·E T Higgins
Jul 22, 1999·Psychological Bulletin·K C KlingB N Buswell
Apr 7, 2010·Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin·Nicole D Mayer, Zakary L Tormala
Oct 30, 2010·Cognition·Lera BoroditskyKelly McCormick
Nov 15, 2012·Psychological Science·William Hart
Nov 1, 1977·Memory & Cognition·E F Loftus
Jan 29, 2014·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology·Ethan KrossOzlem Ayduk

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Citations

Jul 11, 2020·International Journal of Mental Health Nursing·Krystle Martin, Callum Stanford

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Software Mentioned

SurveyMonkey
LIWC
Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count program ( LIWC

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