Imaging of zinc oxide nanoparticle penetration in human skin in vitro and in vivo

Journal of Biomedical Optics
Andrei V ZvyaginMichael S Roberts

Abstract

Zinc oxide (ZnO-nano) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (20 to 30 nm) are widely used in several topical skin care products, such as sunscreens. However, relatively few studies have addressed the subdermal absorption of these nanoparticles in vivo. We report on investigation of the distribution of topically applied ZnO in excised and in vivo human skin, using multiphoton microscopy (MPM) imaging with a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) technique to determine the level of penetration of nanoparticles into the sub-dermal layers of the skin. The good visualization of ZnO in skin achieved appeared to result from two factors. First, the ZnO principal photoluminescence at 385 nm is in the "quiet" spectral band of skin autofluorescence dominated by the endogenous skin fluorophores, i.e., NAD[P]H and FAD. Second, the two-photon action cross section of ZnO-nano [sigma(ZnO) ((TPEF)) approximately 0.26 GM; diameter, 18 nm] is high: approximately 500-fold of that inferred from its bulk third-order nonlinear susceptibility [Im chi(ZnO) ((3))], and is favorably compared to that of NAD[P]H and FAD. The overall outcome from MPM, SEM, and EDX studies was that, in humans in vivo, ZnO nanopart...Continue Reading

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