Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Opportunities and Challenges

The Oncologist
Xiufeng Liu, Shu-Kui Qin

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignancy worldwide, and is especially common in China. A total of 70%-80% of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage and can receive only palliative care. Sorafenib has been the standard of care for a decade, and promising results for regorafenib as a second-line and lenvatinib as a first-line treatment were reported only 1 or 2 years ago. FOLFOX4 was recently recommended as a clinical practice guideline by the China Food and Drug Administration. All approved systemic therapies remain unsatisfactory, with limited objective response rates and poor overall survival. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) offer great promise in the treatment of a rapidly expanding spectrum of solid tumors. Immune checkpoint molecules are involved in almost the whole process of viral-related hepatitis with cirrhosis and HCC and in the most important resistance mechanism of sorafenib. The approval of nivolumab by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on September 23, 2017, for the treatment of patients with HCC, based only on a phase I/II clinical trial, is a strong hint that immunotherapy will introduce a new era of HCC therapy. CPI-based strategies will soon be a main approach in anticancer trea...Continue Reading

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Citations

Aug 28, 2019·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Julián Piñeiro FernándezCliona O'Farrelly
Feb 1, 2020·Oncoimmunology·Peter G HendricksonGabriel C Fine
Jun 26, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Omid KooshkakiBehzad Baradaran
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Dec 1, 2020·Pharmacology & Therapeutics·Bingjian WenZhengquan Su
Jun 3, 2021·Cancers·María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez, Antonio Zorzano
Dec 19, 2021·Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS·Hyunseung SunJung Weon Lee
Dec 12, 2021·Liver International : Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·Takuji Torimura, Hideki Iwamoto

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
surgical resection

Clinical Trials Mentioned

NCT02811861
NCT03006887
NCT03006926
NCT03092895

Software Mentioned

REFLECT

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