Immune surveillance in melanoma: From immune attack to melanoma escape and even counterattack

Cancer Biology & Therapy
Fade MahmoudAlan J Tackett

Abstract

Pharmacologic inhibition of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and the programmed death receptor-1 (PD1) has resulted in unprecedented durable responses in metastatic melanoma. However, resistance to immunotherapy remains a major challenge. Effective immune surveillance against melanoma requires 4 essential steps: activation of the T lymphocytes, homing of the activated T lymphocytes to the melanoma microenvironment, identification and episode of melanoma cells by activated T lymphocytes, and the sensitivity of melanoma cells to apoptosis. At each of these steps, there are multiple factors that may interfere with the immune surveillance machinery, thus allowing melanoma cells to escape immune attack and develop resistance to immunotherapy. We provide a comprehensive review of the complex immune surveillance mechanisms at play in melanoma, and a detailed discussion of how these mechanisms may allow for the development of intrinsic or acquired resistance to immunotherapeutic modalities, and potential avenues for overcoming this resistance.

References

Nov 17, 1995·Science·T S GriffithT A Ferguson
Jun 1, 1995·Molecular and Cellular Biology·L B Owen-SchaubE Kruzel
Jan 17, 1996·Journal of the National Cancer Institute·N P RestifoS A Rosenberg
Nov 1, 1996·The Journal of Experimental Medicine·M E van den BroekH Hengartner
Feb 1, 1997·The Journal of Clinical Investigation·P M StuartT A Ferguson
Jul 10, 1997·Nature·M IrmlerJ Tschopp
Dec 16, 1997·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·A PorgadorJ L Strominger
Feb 12, 1998·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·H AraiG J Nabel
Feb 17, 1998·European Journal of Immunology·J P MedemaP H Krammer
May 2, 1998·The EMBO Journal·C ScaffidiM E Peter
Jun 24, 1998·The Journal of Clinical Investigation·D J HicklinS Ferrone
Oct 31, 1998·Current Opinion in Immunology·S ShrestaT J Ley
Feb 17, 1999·Genes & Development·Q L Deveraux, J C Reed
Jun 11, 1999·The American Journal of Pathology·M S ShinS H Lee
Aug 24, 1999·Transplantation Proceedings·K SeinoK Fukao
Jan 14, 2000·Journal of Clinical Immunology·Q L DeverauxJ C Reed
Aug 22, 2000·The British Journal of Dermatology·C SoubraneD Khayat
Oct 26, 2000·Nature·P H Krammer
Nov 21, 2000·The Journal of Experimental Medicine·J A HeibeinR C Bleackley
Dec 20, 2000·The Journal of Investigative Dermatology·Y AraganeT Schwarz
Jan 4, 2001·The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology·I SchmitzP H Krammer
Mar 3, 2001·Current Opinion in Immunology·A N HoughtonN E Blachere
Apr 21, 2001·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·A V FrancoP Hersey

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Sep 27, 2019·Cancers·Malgorzata BobrowiczMagdalena Winiarska
Nov 7, 2019·Journal of Cellular Biochemistry·Tiesuo ZhaoZhiwei Feng
Jul 9, 2020·Scandinavian Journal of Immunology·Anna K Winge-MainElse Marit Inderberg
May 29, 2019·Melanoma Research·Kristen N RubyShaofeng Yan
Oct 7, 2020·Veterinary Pathology·Ilaria PorcellatoLuca Mechelli
Oct 18, 2020·Annals of Surgical Oncology·Jessica BogachNicole J Look Hong
Oct 30, 2020·Frontiers in Immunology·Francesco SabbatinoStefano Pepe
Aug 14, 2019·Seminars in Cancer Biology·Monica MarzagalliEdwin R Manuel
Nov 12, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Aleksandra SimiczyjewDorota Nowak
Sep 19, 2019·Analytical Chemistry·Sorour DarvishiAndreas Lesch

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Methods Mentioned

BETA
biopsies
transfection
antisense oligonucleotides
antisense oligonucleotide

Clinical Trials Mentioned

NCT01604889

Related Concepts

Related Feeds

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a specific process that leads to programmed cell death through the activation of an evolutionary conserved intracellular pathway leading to pathognomic cellular changes distinct from cellular necrosis

Antigenic Modulation

Antigenic modulation occurs when an antibody cross-links antigens on a cell surface, causing the antigens to become internalized. This can lead to therapeutic failure of monoclonal antibodies as the expression of the antigen becomes decreased on target cells. Find the latest research on antigenic modulation here.

Related Papers

Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
Kathleen M MahoneyGordon J Freeman
Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
Bertrand AllardJohn Stagg
International Immunology
Junzo HamanishiIkuo Konishi
© 2022 Meta ULC. All rights reserved