Immunocytochemistry of the neuromuscular systems of Loxosomella vivipara and L. parguerensis (Entoprocta: Loxosomatidae)

Journal of Morphology
Judith FuchsAndreas Wanninger

Abstract

Little detailed information exists on the anatomy of the nervous system and the musculature of Entoprocta. Herein we describe the distribution of the neurotransmitters RFamide and serotonin as well as the myo-anatomy of adults and asexually produced budding stages of the solitary entoproct species Loxosomella vivipara and L. parguerensis using immunocytochemistry and epifluorescence as well as confocal microscopy. The development of the RFamidergic and serotonergic nervous system starts in early budding stages. In the adults, RFamide is present in the bilateral symmetric cerebral ganglion, a pair of oral nerves that innervate two pairs of nerve cell clusters in the heel of the foot, a pair of aboral nerves, the paired lateral nerves, the calyx nerves, the atrial ring nerve, the tentacle nerves, the stomach nerves, and the rectal nerves. Serotonin is only found in the cerebral ganglion, the oral nerves, and in the tentacle nerves. Some differences in the distribution of both neurotransmitters were found between L. vivipara and L. parguerensis and are most obvious in the differing number of large serotonergic perikarya associated with the oral nerves. Nerves arising from the cerebral ganglion and running in a ventral direction ha...Continue Reading

References

May 1, 1996·Journal of Molecular Evolution·L Y MackeyJ R Garey
Jul 8, 2000·Proceedings. Biological Sciences·A Hay-Schmidt
Jan 10, 2003·Journal of Morphology·Matthias Obst, Peter Funch

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Citations

Aug 17, 2010·Doklady Biological Sciences : Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biological Sciences Sections·A V Chernyshev, E N Temereva
Mar 9, 2010·Frontiers in Zoology·Thomas SchwahaAndreas Wanninger
Nov 26, 2008·The Journal of Comparative Neurology·Antón Barreiro-IglesiasMaría Celina Rodicio
Aug 24, 2018·Nature Ecology & Evolution·Claus NielsenDetlev Arendt

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