Immunotherapy and potential molecular targets for the treatment of pituitary adenomas resistant to standard therapy: a critical review of potential therapeutic targets and current developments

Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences
Tamara MaghatheJason Schroeder

Abstract

Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors, accounting for as much as 25% of intracranial neoplasms. Although existing remedies show success in treating most PAs, treatment of invasive and non-functioning PAs, in addition to functioning PAs unresponsive to standard therapy, remains challenging. With the continually increasing understanding of biochemical pathways involved in tumorigenesis, immunotherapy stands as a promising alternative therapy for pituitary tumors that are resistant to standard therapy. A literature search was conducted of the PubMed database for immunotherapies of PAs. The search yielded a total of 2621 articles, 26 of which were included in our discussion. Several pathologically expressed molecules could potentially serve as promising targets of current or future immunotherapies for PAs. Programmed death ligand-1, matrix metalloproteinases, EpCAM (Trop1) and Trop2, cancer-testis antigen MAGE-A3, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), folate receptor alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor, and galectin-3 have all been implicated as crucial factors involved with tumor survival and invasion. Inhibition of these pathways may prove efficacious in the management of invasive and t...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jul 12, 2020·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Zihao WangBing Xing
Jun 7, 2021·World Journal of Surgical Oncology·Ding NiePeng Zhao

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