Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Is There a Light at the End of the Tunnel?

Cancers
Amit MahipalRichard Kim

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer with dismal prognosis when diagnosed at advanced stages. Surgical resection of the primary tumor or orthotropic liver transplantation serves as a potential curative option. However, this approach is highly dependent on the hepatic reserve and baseline functional status of the patient. Liver directed therapies such as portal vein embolization (PVE), trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE), and systemic chemotherapy are employed in non-surgical candidates. Sorafenib was the only approved systemic therapeutic agent for almost a decade until the recent approval of lenvatinib by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an alternate first-line agent. Regorafenib, nivolumab, pembrolizumab and cabozantinib are approved by the FDA as second-line agents in patients who failed or could not tolerate sorafenib. Ramucirumab was recently FDA approved for the subset of patients that have high alfa-fetoprotein levels (>400 ng/mL). A better understanding of tumorigenesis and encouraging clinical trial results that evaluated immune-checkpoint inhibitors opened doors for immunotherapy in HCC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated a prolonged median overa...Continue Reading

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Citations

Feb 29, 2020·Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets·Yao WangYi-Fei Wang
Jul 30, 2020·Cancers·Medhavi Gupta, Renuka V Iyer
Nov 10, 2020·Frontiers in Oncology·Chunye ZhangAaron C Ericsson
Mar 7, 2021·Trends in Cancer·Valentina LeoneMathias Heikenwalder
May 21, 2021·Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma·Andreas KoulourisMichail Nikolaou
Aug 24, 2021·Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine·Bahare ShokoohianMassoud Vosough

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
surgical resection

Clinical Trials Mentioned

NCT02240433
NCT01246986
NCT02178358
NCT02906397
NCT02423343
NCT02562755
NCT03071094
NCT03203005
NCT02519348
NCT03298451

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