Immunotoxicity of ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1 in combination is associated with the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway in 3D4/21 cells

Chemosphere
Lili HouKehe Huang

Abstract

The co-contamination of cereals, grains, crops, and animal feeds by mycotoxins is a universal problem. Humans and animals are exposed to several mycotoxins simultaneously as evidenced by extensive studies on this topic. Yet, most studies have addressed the effects of mycotoxins individually. Aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A can induce immunotoxicity. However, it remains unclear whether a combination of these mycotoxins aggravates immunotoxicity and the potential mechanism underlying this effect. In this study, we used the cell line 3D4/21, swine alveolus macrophages and innate immune cell. The results showed that the percentage of cell inhibition, annexin V/PI-positive rates, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6) significantly increased and the release of lactate dehydrogenase and phagocytotic index were significantly decreased at different concentrations of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A combination when compared with control. The combination of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A significantly decreased the production of GSH and increased reactive oxygen species level. However, N-acetylcysteine suppressed the oxidative stress and alleviated the immunotoxicity induced by the com...Continue Reading

Citations

Feb 28, 2020·Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity·Mohammed S AleissaMohamed M Abdel-Daim
May 20, 2020·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Kamal NiazMohammed Bule
Oct 22, 2020·The Journal of International Medical Research·Hui YanJian Li
Sep 3, 2020·Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association·Lei GeKehe Huang
Nov 5, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Edyta JanikMichal Bijak
May 1, 2021·Frontiers in Microbiology·Rhys BrownJonathan P Richardson
Jun 12, 2021·Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology·Elif DarbukaIbrahim Yaman
Aug 5, 2021·Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition·Haonan RuanMeihua Yang
Mar 9, 2019·Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry·Xuan ZhouKehe Huang
Jul 3, 2020·Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association·Guannan LeKehe Huang
Nov 18, 2021·Applied and Environmental Microbiology·Han LuoYu Zhou

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