Abstract
To assess the utility of imputing race/ethnicity using U.S. Census race/ethnicity, residential address, and surname information compared to standard missing data methods in a pediatric cohort. Electronic health record data from 30 pediatric practices with known race/ethnicity. In a simulation experiment, we constructed dichotomous and continuous outcomes with pre-specified associations with known race/ethnicity. Bias was introduced by nonrandomly setting race/ethnicity to missing. We compared typical methods for handling missing race/ethnicity (multiple imputation alone with clinical factors, complete case analysis, indicator variables) to multiple imputation incorporating surname and address information. Imputation using U.S. Census information reduced bias for both continuous and dichotomous outcomes. The new method reduces bias when race/ethnicity is partially, nonrandomly missing.
References
Dec 15, 1995·American Journal of Epidemiology·S Greenland, W D Finkle
Jun 20, 1998·Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology·M L WolraichT Y Pinnock
May 25, 2002·Health Affairs·Arlene S BiermanJohn M Eisenberg
Oct 10, 2003·American Journal of Public Health·Nancy R KressinLewis E Kazis
Mar 11, 2005·Health Affairs·Allen M FremontThomas Rector
Aug 11, 2006·Health Services Research·Kevin Fiscella, Allen M Fremont
Jul 11, 2007·Statistical Methods in Medical Research·Stef van Buuren
Mar 12, 2008·Health Affairs·Linda T Bilheimer, Jane E Sisk
May 6, 2008·Health Services Research·Daniel F McCaffrey, Marc N Elliott
May 16, 2008·Health Services Research·Marc N ElliottNicole Lurie
Mar 5, 2010·The New England Journal of Medicine·Matthew K WyniaRomana Hasnain-Wynia
Mar 30, 2010·Journal of Clinical Epidemiology·Mirjam J KnolMirjam I Geerlings
Nov 26, 2010·BMC Health Services Research·Ning SmithCorinna Koebnick
Jan 13, 2011·Statistics in Medicine·Ian R WhiteAngela M Wood
Mar 1, 2012·The Journal of Pediatrics·Alexander G FiksRichard C Wasserman
Nov 22, 2012·Medical Care Research and Review : MCRR·Stephen F DeroseSteven J Jacobsen
Mar 14, 2013·Health Services Research·Steven C MartinoMarc N Elliott
Jul 17, 2013·Health Services Research·Dzifa Adjaye-GbewonyoSaad B Omer
Citations
Jul 25, 2015·Health Services Research·William Rhodes
Apr 27, 2018·PLoS Computational Biology·Ji-Sung KimAndrey Rzhetsky
Nov 14, 2015·Medical Care·Katsiaryna BykovNiteesh K Choudhry
Dec 7, 2018·Health Services Research·Ann HaasAmelia M Haviland
Dec 28, 2018·Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA·Nathaniel D MercaldoJonathan S Schildcrout
Jan 23, 2021·Family Practice·Miguel MarinoJohn D Heintzman
Mar 6, 2021·BMJ Open Respiratory Research·Christopher R WilcoxHajira Dambha-Miller
Sep 28, 2021·The Journal of Pediatrics·Pamela B DeGuzmanMicah O Mazurek
Oct 5, 2021·Obesity·Stephen J MooneyDavid E Arterburn
Dec 13, 2016·Pediatrics·David C KaelberUNKNOWN Comparative Effectiveness Research Through Collaborative Electronic Reporting (CER2) Consortium