In vitro low-speed side collisions cause injury to the lower cervical spine but do not damage alar ligaments

European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society
E HartwigH J Wilke

Abstract

Whether injuries to the alar ligaments could be responsible for complaints of patients having whiplash injury in the upper cervical spine is still controversially discussed. It is known that these ligaments protect the upper cervical spine against excessive lateral bending and axial rotation movements. The objective of the present in vitro study was therefore to examine whether the alar ligaments or any other structures of the cervical spine are damaged in side collisions. In a specially designed acceleration apparatus, six human osteoligamentous cervical spine specimens were subjected to incremental 90 degrees side collisions from the right (1 g, 2 g, 3 g, etc.) until structural failure occurred. A damped pivot table accounted for the passive movements of the trunk during collision, and a dummy head (4.5 kg) ensured almost physiological loading of the specimens. For quantification of functional injuries, the three-dimensional flexibility of the specimens was tested in a spine tester before and after each acceleration. In all six specimens, structural failure always occurred in the lower cervical spine and always affected the facet joint capsules and the intervertebral discs. In four specimens, this damage occurred during the 2...Continue Reading

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Citations

Feb 11, 2005·Der Unfallchirurg·E HartwigM Kramer
Jul 14, 2007·Der Urologe. Ausg. A·M SchultheissM Arand
Apr 1, 2009·Traffic Injury Prevention·Gunter P SiegmundAnita Vasavada
Jan 24, 2008·The Journal of Trauma·Travis G MaakManohar M Panjabi
Oct 26, 2014·European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society·C Van ToenPeter A Cripton
Oct 20, 2006·Accident; Analysis and Prevention·Andrew S McIntoshBertrand Frechede
Sep 7, 2016·The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy·Paul C Ivancic
Nov 26, 2015·Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders·Mark ObermannDagny Holle
Jun 12, 2021·The Spine Journal : Official Journal of the North American Spine Society·Christian Liebsch, Hans-Joachim Wilke

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