Abstract
The binding of tryptophan repressor (TrpR) to its operators was examined quantitatively using in vitro and in vivo methods. DNA sequence requirements for 1:1 and tandem 2:1 (TrpR:DNA) binding in various sequence contexts were studied. The results indicate that the optimal half-site sequence for recognition by one helix-turn-helix motif of one TrpR dimer is 3'CNTGA5'5'GNACT3', consistent with contacts observed by X-ray diffraction analysis of cocrystalline 1:1 and 2:1 complexes. Half-sites can be paired to form a palindrome either by direct abutment, forming the nucleation site for a tandem 2:1 complex, or with an 8-base-pair spacer, forming a 1:1 target. Dimethylsulfate (DMS) methylation-protection footprinting in vitro of 1:1 and 2:1 complexes formed sequentially on the two unequal half-site pairs of the trpEDCBA operator from Serratia marcescens indicated an obligate hierarchy of site occupancy, with one half-site pair serving as the nucleation site for tandem binding. DMS footprinting of Escherichia coli operators in vivo showed that, over a wide range of intracellular TrpR concentration, the trpEDCBA operator is occupied by three repressor dimers, aroH is occupied by two dimers, and the 1:1 binding mode is used on the trpR ...Continue Reading
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