Inactivation of bacteria and viruses in human urine depending on temperature and dilution rate

Water Research
B VinneråsKarin Nyberg

Abstract

Source separation and reuse of human urine can decrease the environmental pollution of recipient waters and reduce the need for artificial mineral fertilisers. However, the reuse of urine introduces another pathogen transmission route that needs to be managed. The inactivation of enteric pathogens and model organisms (Salmonella enterica subspecies 1 serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium), Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages S. typhimurium 28B, MS2 and Phi x 174) by urine storage was studied at dilutions (urine:water) 1:0, 1:1 and 1:3 at temperatures 4, 14, 24 and 34 degrees C. A threshold concentration of ammonia was found at approximately 40 mM NH(3) (e.g. 2.1 g NH(3)-NL(-1) and pH 8.9 at 24 degrees C), below which all studied organisms, except Salmonella, persisted considerably longer irrespective of treatment temperature, showing that urine dilution rate is of great importance for pathogen inactivation. For Salmonella spp. no threshold level was found in these studies (15 mM NH(3) lowest concentration studied). At temperatures below 20 degrees C, bacteriophage reduction was very slow. Therefore, urine stored at temperatures below 20 degrees C carries a high risk of containing viable viruses. The study indicated that the cur...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jun 17, 2014·International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health·Luu Quynh HuongAnders Dalsgaard
Dec 9, 2008·Applied and Environmental Microbiology·Annika NordinBjörn Vinnerås
Apr 26, 2011·Applied and Environmental Microbiology·Eva EmmothBjörn Vinnerås
Jun 1, 2011·Folia Microbiologica·E JończykA Górski
May 22, 2013·Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association·Jiefeng ZhangJing-Yuan Wang
Mar 1, 2012·Biotechnology Advances·A Y KatukizaP N L Lens
Apr 21, 2009·Bioresource Technology·Martina WinkerJoachim Clemens
May 22, 2009·Journal of Applied Microbiology·A ChandranH Heinonen-Tanski
May 12, 2009·Journal of Applied Microbiology·A NordinB Vinnerås
Mar 3, 2012·Journal of Applied Microbiology·I BertrandC Gantzer
Aug 25, 2015·Water Research·Heather N BischelTamar Kohn
Aug 15, 2013·Water Research·Jørgen FidjelandBjörn Vinnerås
Dec 17, 2014·Environmental Science & Technology·Loïc DecreyTamar Kohn
May 20, 2015·Water Research·XiaoJun ZuoMinDong Chen
Mar 31, 2015·The Science of the Total Environment·Maria Elisa MagriBjörn Vinnerås
Jun 4, 2011·Veterinary Microbiology·Son Thi Thanh DangAnders Dalsgaard
Nov 2, 2016·Environmental Science & Technology·Rebecca H LahrKrista R Wigginton
Jan 28, 2018·Applied and Environmental Microbiology·Heather E GoetschKrista R Wigginton
Mar 15, 2015·Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research·Jörgen FidjelandBjörn Vinnerås
Dec 18, 2015·Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research·Annika C Nordin, Björn Vinnerås
Jun 5, 2016·Applied and Environmental Microbiology·Loïc DecreyTamar Kohn
Aug 30, 2012·Journal of Environmental Monitoring : JEM·Krishna Lamichhane, Roger Babcock
Jun 5, 2017·Journal of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene for Development : a Journal of the International Water Association·Xiaoqin ZhouYang Zhang
Jan 9, 2021·The Science of the Total Environment·Prithvi SimhaBjörn Vinnerås
Apr 27, 2017·The Science of the Total Environment·Wakana OishiNaoyuki Funamizu
Dec 10, 2016·Environmental Science & Technology·Heather N BischelTamar Kohn

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