Incorporation of non-standard amino acids into proteins: challenges, recent achievements, and emerging applications

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
Xing JinSeok Hoon Hong

Abstract

The natural genetic code only allows for 20 standard amino acids in protein translation, but genetic code reprogramming enables the incorporation of non-standard amino acids (NSAAs). Proteins containing NSAAs provide enhanced or novel properties and open diverse applications. With increased attention to the recent advancements in synthetic biology, various improved and novel methods have been developed to incorporate single and multiple distinct NSAAs into proteins. However, various challenges remain in regard to NSAA incorporation, such as low yield and misincorporation. In this review, we summarize the recent efforts to improve NSAA incorporation by utilizing orthogonal translational system optimization, cell-free protein synthesis, genomically recoded organisms, artificial codon boxes, quadruplet codons, and orthogonal ribosomes, before closing with a discussion of the emerging applications of NSAA incorporation.

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Citations

Jul 14, 2020·Biochemical Society Transactions·Haiyan Ren
Jul 31, 2020·Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal·Gonzalo Pérez-MejíasIrene Díaz-Moreno
Jul 24, 2021·Trends in Biochemical Sciences·Fabian RohdenHans-Joachim Wieden
Aug 11, 2021·Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling·David R Bell, Serena H Chen
Nov 7, 2021·World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology·Hang-Qin ZhuYu-Guo Zheng
Nov 26, 2021·Molecular Biology Reports·Sujatha Thankeswaran ParvathyVijaipal Bhadana

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
phage display
protein modification

Software Mentioned

MAGE
EuCODE
Ambrx
Synthorx

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