PMID: 9177018Jun 1, 1997Paper

Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
S KitayamaV Norasakkunkit

Abstract

A collective constructionist theory of the self proposes that many psychological processes, including enhancement of the self (pervasive in the United States) and criticism and subsequent improvement of the self (widespread in Japan), result from and support the very ways in which social acts and situations are collectively defined and subjectively experienced in the respective cultural contexts. In support of the theory, 2 studies showed, first, that American situations are relatively conducive to self-enhancement and American people are relatively likely to engage in self-enhancement and, second, that Japanese situations are relatively conducive to self-criticism and Japanese people are relatively likely to engage in self-criticism. Implications are discussed for the collective construction of psychological processes implicated in the self and, more generally, for the mutual constitution of culture and the self.

Citations

Sep 21, 2013·Annual Review of Psychology·Heejung S Kim, Joni Y Sasaki
Jan 5, 2007·Clinical Psychology Review·Marwan Dwairy
Apr 18, 2014·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Aruna Sankaranarayanan, Chandrika Cycil
Sep 4, 1999·American Journal of Public Health·D Oman, C E Thoresen
Apr 3, 2009·The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences·Becca R LevyMartin D Slade
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Sep 25, 2014·Annual Review of Psychology·Michael W MorrisZhi Liu
Mar 16, 2017·Behavior Research Methods·Louise SmithJenny Yiend
Dec 4, 2010·Annual Review of Psychology·Shinobu Kitayama, Ayse K Uskul
Dec 6, 2019·Frontiers in Psychology·Yulia Chentsova-Dutton, Andreas Maercker
Feb 10, 2006·Psychological Science·Hazel Rose MarkusShinobu Kitayama

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