Inflammation in acquired hydrocephalus: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets.

Nature Reviews. Neurology
Jason K KarimyKristopher T Kahle

Abstract

Hydrocephalus is the most common neurosurgical disorder worldwide and is characterized by enlargement of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled brain ventricles resulting from failed CSF homeostasis. Since the 1840s, physicians have observed inflammation in the brain and the CSF spaces in both posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) and postinfectious hydrocephalus (PIH). Reparative inflammation is an important protective response that eliminates foreign organisms, damaged cells and physical irritants; however, inappropriately triggered or sustained inflammation can respectively initiate or propagate disease. Recent data have begun to uncover the molecular mechanisms by which inflammation - driven by Toll-like receptor 4-regulated cytokines, immune cells and signalling pathways - contributes to the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus. We propose that therapeutic approaches that target inflammatory mediators in both PHH and PIH could address the multiple drivers of disease, including choroid plexus CSF hypersecretion, ependymal denudation, and damage and scarring of intraventricular and parenchymal (glia-lymphatic) CSF pathways. Here, we review the evidence for a prominent role of inflammation in the pathogenic mechanism of PHH and PIH and...Continue Reading

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Citations

Apr 7, 2020·Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets·Jason K KarimyKristopher T Kahle
Jun 6, 2020·Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics·Pasquale De Bonis, Carmelo Anile
Feb 4, 2021·Pediatric Research·Mehmet N Cizmeci, Linda S de Vries
Jan 3, 2021·Journal of the Neurological Sciences·Sarosh M Katrak
Jun 22, 2021·CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics·Chuansen WangGelei Xiao
Jun 26, 2021·Acta neurochirurgica·Joona TervonenTerhi J Huuskonen
Jul 9, 2021·Fluids and Barriers of the CNS·Vijay KumarJaebong Kim
Jul 14, 2021·Nature Reviews. Neurology·Margaux RoquesFabrice Bonneville
Jul 30, 2021·Journal of Neuroscience Research·Hans C LudwigHans C Bock

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
nuclear
nuclear translocation
environmental stress

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