Inflow/Outflow Boundary Conditions for Particle-Based Blood Flow Simulations: Application to Arterial Bifurcations and Trees

PLoS Computational Biology
Kirill LykovGeorge Em Karniadakis

Abstract

When blood flows through a bifurcation, red blood cells (RBCs) travel into side branches at different hematocrit levels, and it is even possible that all RBCs enter into one branch only, leading to a complete separation of plasma and RBCs. To quantify this phenomenon via particle-based mesoscopic simulations, we developed a general framework for open boundary conditions in multiphase flows that is effective even for high hematocrit levels. The inflow at the inlet is duplicated from a fully developed flow generated in a pilot simulation with periodic boundary conditions. The outflow is controlled by adaptive forces to maintain the flow rate and velocity gradient at fixed values, while the particles leaving the arteriole at the outlet are removed from the system. Upon validation of this approach, we performed systematic 3D simulations to study plasma skimming in arterioles of diameters 20 to 32 microns. For a flow rate ratio 6:1 at the branches, we observed the "all-or-nothing" phenomenon with plasma only entering the low flow rate branch. We then simulated blood-plasma separation in arteriolar bifurcations with different bifurcation angles and same diameter of the daughter branches. Our simulations predict a significant increase...Continue Reading

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Citations

Feb 26, 2016·Physics of Fluids·Paris PerdikarisGeorge Em Karniadakis
Dec 24, 2015·Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Systems Biology and Medicine·Gerhard Gompper, Dmitry A Fedosov
Feb 28, 2017·Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal·Achim Guckenberger, Stephan Gekle
Sep 19, 2017·PLoS Computational Biology·Kirill LykovIgor V Pivkin
Nov 5, 2016·Journal of Biomechanical Engineering·Xuejin LiGeorge Em Karniadakis
Jun 5, 2019·Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology·Ting YeGuansheng Li
Oct 30, 2016·PLoS Computational Biology·Hung-Yu ChangGeorge Em Karniadakis
Nov 23, 2016·Journal of Biomechanics·Vi Q Ha, George Lykotrafitis
Mar 26, 2021·Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology·Daniel F PuleriAmanda Randles
Jun 19, 2021·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Romain EnjalbertMiguel O Bernabeu

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Software Mentioned

Atomic Massively Parallel Simulator ( LAMMPS )

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